Table of Contents
Part 1 Market Overview
1.1 Market Definition
1.2 Market Development
1.3 ByMaterial
Table Bicycle Horn by Material
Figure Global Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020
1.4 By Ring Mode
Table Bicycle Horn by Ring Mode
Figure Global Bicycle Horn Market Share by Ring Mode in 2020
1.5 By Application
Table Application of Bicycle Horn
Figure Global Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020
1.6 Region Overview
Table Region of Bicycle Horn
Figure Global Bicycle Horn Market Share by Region in 2020
Part 2 Global Market Status and Future Forecast
2.1 Global Market by Region
Table Global Bicycle Horn Market by Region, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Global Bicycle Horn Market Share by Region in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Region, 2015-2019
2.2 Global Market by Company
Table Global Bicycle Horn Market by Company, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Global Bicycle Horn Market Share by Company in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Company, 2015-2019
2.3 Global Market by Material
Table Global Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Global Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
2.5 Global Market by Application
Table Global Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Global Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
2.6 Global Market by Forecast
Figure Global Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)
Part 3 Asia-Pacific Market Status and Future Forecast
3.1 Asia-Pacific Market by Company
Table Asia-Pacific Bicycle Horn Market by Company, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Asia-Pacific Bicycle Horn Market Share by Company in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Company, 2015-2019
3.2 Asia-Pacific Market by Material
Table Asia-Pacific Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Asia-Pacific Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
3.4 Asia-Pacific Market by Application
Table Asia-Pacific Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Asia-Pacific Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
3.5 Asia-Pacific Market by Forecast
Figure Asia-Pacific Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Part 4 Asia-Pacific Market by Geography
4.1 China Market Status and Future Forecast
4.1.1 China Market by Material
Table China Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure China Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
4.1.3 China Market by Application
Table China Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure China Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
4.1.4 China Market by Forecast
Figure China Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
4.2 Southeast Asia Market Status and Future Forecast
4.2.1 Southeast Asia Market by Material
Table Southeast Asia Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
4.2.3 Southeast Asia Market by Application
Table Southeast Asia Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
4.2.4 Southeast Asia Market by Forecast
Figure Southeast Asia Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
4.3 India Market Status and Future Forecast
4.3.1 India Market by Material
Table India Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
4.3.3 India Market by Application
Table India Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
4.3.4 India Market by Forecast
Figure India Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
4.4 Japan Market Status and Future Forecast
4.4.1 Japan Market by Material
Table Japan Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
4.4.3 Japan Market by Application
Table Japan Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
4.4.4 Japan Market by Forecast
Figure Japan Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
4.5 Korea Market Status and Future Forecast
4.5.1 Korea Market by Material
Table Korea Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
4.5.3 Korea Market by Application
Table Korea Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
4.5.4 Korea Market by Forecast
Figure Korea Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
4.6 Oceania Market Status and Future Forecast
4.6.1 Oceania Market by Material
Table Oceania Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Oceania Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
4.6.3 Oceania Market by Application
Table Oceania Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Oceania Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
4.6.4 Oceania Market by Forecast
Figure Oceania Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Part 5 Europe Market Status and Future Forecast
5.1 Europe Market by Region
Table Europe Bicycle Horn Market by Region, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Bicycle Horn Market Share by Region in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Region, 2015-2019
5.2 Europe Market by Company
Table Europe Bicycle Horn Market by Company, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Bicycle Horn Market Share by Company in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Company, 2015-2019
5.3 Europe Market by Material
Table Europe Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
5.5 Europe Market by Application
Table Europe Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
5.6 Europe Market by Forecast
Figure Europe Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Part 6 Europe Market by Geography
6.1 Germany Market Status and Future Forecast
6.1.1 Germany Market by Material
Table Germany Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Germany Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
6.1.3 Germany Market by Application
Table Germany Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Germany Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
6.1.4 Germany Market by Forecast
Figure Germany Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
6.2 UK Market Status and Future Forecast
6.2.1 UK Market by Material
Table UK Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure UK Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
6.2.3 UK Market by Application
Table UK Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure UK Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
6.2.4 UK Market by Forecast
Figure UK Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
6.3 France Market Status and Future Forecast
6.3.1 France Market by Material
Table France Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure France Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
6.3.3 France Market by Application
Table France Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure France Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
6.3.4 France Market by Forecast
Figure France Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
6.4 Italy Market Status and Future Forecast
6.4.1 Italy Market by Material
Table Italy Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Italy Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
6.4.3 Italy Market by Application
Table Italy Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Italy Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
6.4.4 Italy Market by Forecast
Figure Italy Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
6.5 Russia Market Status and Future Forecast
6.5.1 Russia Market by Material
Table Russia Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Russia Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
6.5.3 Russia Market by Application
Table Russia Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Russia Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
6.5.4 Russia Market by Forecast
Figure Russia Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
6.6 Spain Market Status and Future Forecast
6.6.1 Spain Market by Material
Table Spain Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Spain Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
6.6.3 Spain Market by Application
Table Spain Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Spain Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
6.6.4 Spain Market by Forecast
Figure Spain Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
6.7 Netherlands Market Status and Future Forecast
6.7.1 Netherlands Market by Material
Table Netherlands Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Netherlands Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
6.7.3 Netherlands Market by Application
Table Netherlands Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Netherlands Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
6.7.4 Netherlands Market by Forecast
Figure Netherlands Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
6.8 Turkey Market Status and Future Forecast
6.8.1 Turkey Market by Material
Table Turkey Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Turkey Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
6.8.3 Turkey Market by Application
Table Turkey Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Turkey Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
6.8.4 Turkey Market by Forecast
Figure Turkey Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
6.9 Switzerland Market Status and Future Forecast
6.9.1 Switzerland Market by Material
Table Switzerland Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Switzerland Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
6.9.3 Switzerland Market by Application
Table Switzerland Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Switzerland Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
6.9.4 Switzerland Market by Forecast
Figure Switzerland Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Part 7 North America Market Status and Future Forecast
7.1 North America Market by Region
Table North America Bicycle Horn Market by Region, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure North America Bicycle Horn Market Share by Region in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Region, 2015-2019
7.2 North America Market by Company
Table North America Bicycle Horn Market by Company, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure North America Bicycle Horn Market Share by Company in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Company, 2015-2019
7.3 North America Market by Material
Table North America Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure North America Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
7.5 North America Market by Application
Table North America Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure North America Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
7.6 North America Market by Forecast
Figure North America Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Part 8 North America Market by Geography
8.1 United States Market Status and Future Forecast
8.1.1 United States Market by Material
Table United States Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure United States Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
8.1.3 United States Market by Application
Table United States Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure United States Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
8.1.4 United States Market by Forecast
Figure United States Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
8.2 Canada Market Status and Future Forecast
8.2.1 Canada Market by Material
Table Canada Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Canada Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
8.2.3 Canada Market by Application
Table Canada Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Canada Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
8.2.4 Canada Market by Forecast
Figure Canada Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
8.3 Mexico Market Status and Future Forecast
8.3.1 Mexico Market by Material
Table Mexico Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Mexico Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
8.3.3 Mexico Market by Application
Table Mexico Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Mexico Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
8.3.4 Mexico Market by Forecast
Figure Mexico Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Part 9 South America Market Status and Future Forecast
9.1 South America Market by Region
Table South America Bicycle Horn Market by Region, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure South America Bicycle Horn Market Share by Region in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Region, 2015-2019
9.2 South America Market by Company
Table South America Bicycle Horn Market by Company, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure South America Bicycle Horn Market Share by Company in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Company, 2015-2019
9.3 South America Market by Material
Table South America Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure South America Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
9.5 South America Market by Application
Table South America Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure South America Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
9.6 South America Market by Forecast
Figure South America Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Part 10 South America Market by Geography
10.1 Brazil Market Status and Future Forecast
10.1.1 Brazil Market by Material
Table Brazil Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Brazil Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
10.1.3 Brazil Market by Application
Table Brazil Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Brazil Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
10.1.4 Brazil Market by Forecast
Figure Brazil Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
10.2 Argentina Market Status and Future Forecast
10.2.1 Argentina Market by Material
Table Argentina Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Argentina Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
10.2.3 Argentina Market by Application
Table Argentina Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Argentina Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
10.2.4 Argentina Market by Forecast
Figure Argentina Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
10.3 Columbia Market Status and Future Forecast
10.3.1 Columbia Market by Material
Table Columbia Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Columbia Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
10.3.3 Columbia Market by Application
Table Columbia Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Columbia Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
10.3.4 Columbia Market by Forecast
Figure Columbia Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
10.4 Chile Market Status and Future Forecast
10.4.1 Chile Market by Material
Table Chile Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Chile Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
10.4.3 Chile Market by Application
Table Chile Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Chile Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
10.4.4 Chile Market by Forecast
Figure Chile Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
10.5 Peru Market Status and Future Forecast
10.5.1 Peru Market by Material
Table Peru Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Peru Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
10.5.3 Peru Market by Application
Table Peru Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Peru Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
10.5.4 Peru Market by Forecast
Figure Peru Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Part 11 Middle East & Africa Market Status and Future Forecast
11.1 Middle East & Africa Market by Region
Table Middle East & Africa Bicycle Horn Market by Region, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Middle East & Africa Bicycle Horn Market Share by Region in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Region, 2015-2019
11.2 Middle East & Africa Market by Company
Table Middle East & Africa Bicycle Horn Market by Company, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Middle East & Africa Bicycle Horn Market Share by Company in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Company, 2015-2019
11.3 Middle East & Africa Market by Material
Table Middle East & Africa Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Middle East & Africa Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
11.5 Middle East & Africa Market by Application
Table Middle East & Africa Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Middle East & Africa Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
11.6 Middle East & Africa Market by Forecast
Figure Middle East & Africa Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Part 12 Middle East & Africa Market by Geography
12.1 GCC Market Status and Future Forecast
12.1.1 GCC Market by Material
Table GCC Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure GCC Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
12.1.3 GCC Market by Application
Table GCC Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure GCC Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
12.1.4 GCC Market by Forecast
Figure GCC Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
12.2 North Africa Market Status and Future Forecast
12.2.1 North Africa Market by Material
Table North Africa Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure North Africa Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
12.2.3 North Africa Market by Application
Table North Africa Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure North Africa Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
12.2.4 North Africa Market by Forecast
Figure North Africa Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
12.3 South Africa Market Status and Future Forecast
12.3.1 South Africa Market by Material
Table South Africa Bicycle Horn Market by Material, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure South Africa Bicycle Horn Market Share by Material in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Material, 2015-2019
12.3.3 South Africa Market by Application
Table South Africa Bicycle Horn Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure South Africa Bicycle Horn Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
12.3.4 South Africa Market by Forecast
Figure South Africa Bicycle Horn Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Part 13 Key Companies
13.1 Mirrycle
13.1.1 Mirrycle Profile
Table Mirrycle Overview List
13.1.2 Products & Services Overview
13.1.3 Sales Data List
Table Bicycle Horn Business Operation of Mirrycle (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
13.2 SPURCYCLE
13.3 Arundel
13.4 Birzman
13.5 Crane
13.6 KONG
13.7 Beep
13.8 LionBellworks
13.9 Mirrycle
13.10 MKS
13.11 Hornit
13.12 PUBLIC Bikes
13.13 Firmstrong
Part 14 Conclusion